451
  –  

Invasion of Gaul

Attila crossed the Rhine with an army estimated at 200,000 men, devastating Gallic cities including Metz, Reims, and Troyes. He nearly took Orléans before the combined Roman-Visigoth relief force arrived under General Aetius.

Battle of the Catalaunian Plains

The only defeat of Attila's career. Roman general Aetius, allied with Visigoth King Theodoric I, halted the Hunnic advance in a catastrophic clash near Châlons. Theodoric died in the battle; both sides suffered enormous losses. Attila withdrew to the Hungarian plains — bloodied but unbroken.